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FlyBase Report: bcd

FlyBase Report

Gene bcd

The gene bicoid, abbreviated as bcd, is reported here. Protein features include protein domains 'Paired box' domain protein., 'Homeobox' domain signature., protein data. 15 DNA entries are available. Functions of the gene include DNA-binding-protein. It is located at 84A5--84A5 on the cytological map. There are 267 recorded alleles, and 30 stocks are available, and 445 references are listed.

Symbolbcd
FlyBase IDFBgn0000166
Full namebicoid
Report contentBrief        (see also Full,    Alleles,    References,    Attributed data)
Cytological location84A5--84A5
Left limit from inclusion within Df(3R)MAP117 (FBrf0051115)
Right limit from recombination mapping relative to Ama (citation unavailable)
Genetic location3-48
Protein & Transcript dataProtein & Transcript report is available here.
Molecular mapMolecular map data are available here.
SynonymsPRD gene 4, mum: multimorph, prd4, multimorph
Function of productDNA-binding-protein, transcription-factor
DNA/RNA accessions
AA390432,    BFD:LD08733,    dbEST:1031876,    K03517,    g157004,    M14549,    g156990,    X07870,    g311722,    X14458,    g7645,    X14459,    g7647,    X14460,    g7643
Protein accessionsPIR:S00835,    SWP:P09081,    TF:T00063
Protein domains'Paired box' domain protein.
'Homeobox' domain signature.
Eukaryotic putative RNA-binding region RNP-1 signature.
'Homeobox' domain profile.
Interactive FlyInteractive Fly document is here.
Date03 Nov 98
DNA FeaturesCAX (opa) repeat
Open reading frame size489 aa, 494 aa, 53.9 kD
cDNA clone length1
   Phenotypic info.        Maternal-effect lethal mutations showing defective head and thorax development. Females homozygous for strong alleles produce embryos in which head and thorax are replaced by duplicated telson, including anal plates, tuft, spiracles, and filzkorper; however, no pole cells formed at the anterior end. Deletions and fusions of anterior abdominal segments and occasionally anterior abdominal segments in reversed polarity are also observed. Strong alleles amorphic based on phenotypic similarities of embryos produced by homozygous and hemizygous females. Weak alleles result in pattern defects in heads of embryos; lack only labral derivatives (median tooth, dorsal bridge); intermediate weak genotypes produce reduced head but retain normal thoracic development; intermediate strong produce further reduction of head, deletion of second and third and reduction of first thoracic dentical belts; thoracic segments fused. Partial rescue of embryonic phenotype effected by injection of cytoplasm (5% of volume) from the anterior ends of unfertilized wild-type eggs into the anterior pole of newly fertilized eggs of bcd mothers; injection into ectopic sites stimulates differentiation of anterior structures at site of injection; efficiency proportional to number of bcd+ alleles carried by cytoplasm donor. Phenocopies result from leakage of 5% of egg volume from anterior perforation of normal embryos. The distance of the head fold at gastrulation is proportional to the number of bcd+ alleles in the maternal genotype. bcd mRNA appears as a flattened disc plastered to the anterior extremity of early embryos; by the time of pole cell migration it has become localized to the clear cytoplasm at the periphery, forming a cap over the anterior end of the egg and is distributed in a steeply decreasing gradient such that 90% of the RNA is in the anterior 18% of egg length; by nuclear cycle 14 the RNA begins to disappear and becomes undetectable by midway through cellularization. bcd protein on the other hand forms a shallower gradient in which 57% of protein is in the anterior 18% of egg length and the gradient doesn't reach baseline until the posterior 30% of egg length; the gradient forms from two to four hours after oviposition in both fertilized and unfertilized eggs and except during mitosis is concentrated in nuclei; diffusion postulated to account for the establishment of the protein gradient following translation from anteriorly anchored RNA. ... More text is available in full report.
   Molecular data        Gene identified in an 8.7-kb genomic fragment from coordinates -42 to -33 kb of the chromosome walk of Scott, Weiner, Hazelrigg, Polisky, Pirrotta, Scalenghe, and Kaufman (1983) by germ-line transformants that completely rescue the mutant phenotype (Berleth, Burri, Thoma, Bopp, Richstein, Frigerio, Noll and Nusslein-Volhard, 1988; see also Frigerio, Burri, Bopp, Baumgardner and Noll, 1986; Kilchherr, Baumgardner, Bopp, Frei and Noll, 1986). The transcription unit comprises four exons and produces a major mRNA of 2.6 kb, which contains all four exons, and a minor 1.6-kb mRNA from which exons 2 and 3 are spliced. Splice-acceptor-site variation in the third exon leads to translation products of 489 and 494 amino acids (53.9 kD). The first exon contains a PRD repeat, consisting essentially of alternating histidines and prolines, found within a number of genes, including prd, expressed early in development; the 5' end of exon 3 encodes a novel homeodomain with no more than 40% amino-acid homology with other homeobox sequences; the 3' end contains a series of repeated glutamines, opa repeats. Also contains a RNA-recognition motif, mostly in exon 4 (Rebagliatti, 1989). A highly acidic C-terminal domain is thought to provide transcriptional activation; the latter can be replaced with heterologous activating sequences and still display bcd+ activity (Driever, Ma, Nusslein-Volhard and Ptashne, 1989). The sequence responsible for the anterior localization of bcd RNA at the anterior embryonic pole localized to 625 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region, which include regions capable of forming extensive secondary structure (Macdonald and Struhl, 1988). The ten residues from 138 to 147 comprise the DNA recognition helix of the bcd homeodomain; replacing the lysine in the ninth position of this ten-amino-acid sequence with either alanine or glutamine is sufficient to destroy recognition of hb sequences; in addition, the latter substitution confers a new specificity for Antp and Ubx upstream target sequences (Hanes and Brent, 1989). Bicoid protein binds to five high-affinity binding sites (consensus sequence TCTAATCCC) upstream from the hb transcription start site (Driever and Nusslein-Volhard, 1989). The posterior boundary of the anterior hb domain responds to changes in the number or affinity of these sites as well as to the dose of bcd+ such that increases cause a more posterior and decreases a more anterior boundary (Driever, Thoma and Nusslein-Volhard, 1989; Struhl, Struhl and Macdonald, 1989).

Alleles        

 Abbreviated table - Best-studied 30 of 267 alleles.    (see also Full table)
SymbolAllele classPhenotype includesMutagenStocksMolec. info.
6amorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate7yes
1hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate--yes
10hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate1yes
12loss of functionlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate2yes
5--lethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate1yes
9hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate1yes
+t8wild-type--in vitro construct | rescue fragment--yes
2----ethyl methanesulfonate2yes
7--lethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate5yes
+t8.7wild-type--in vitro construct | rescue fragment--yes
4--lethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate2--
8hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effect | conditional tsethyl methanesulfonate2yes
unspecified--enhancer { exuunspecified }------
3--lethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate2--
11amorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate--yes
RD1hypomorphlethal | maternal effect------
Act5C.PS----in vitro construct | regulatory fusion--yes
fl.cDa----in vitro construct | rescue fragment--yes
15hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effect--1--
16hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effect--1--
25--lethal | embryonic | maternal effectethyl methanesulfonate1--
aTub84B.3NC----in vitro construct | other--yes
89-154----in vitro construct | other--yes
Act5C.PD----in vitro construct | regulatory fusion--yes
TN3----in vitro construct | other--yes
13hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effect--1--
14hypomorphlethal | embryonic | maternal effect--1--
D----in vitro construct | deletion--yes
D14.T:lacZ----in vitro construct | deletion--yes
D14S.T:lacZ----in vitro construct | deletion--yes
References (listed by author, ID, year)
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  2. 0,
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  4. Agosti et al., 1996
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  7. Akashi, 1994
  8. Akashi, 1995
  9. Akashi, 1996
  10. Amendt, 1998
  11. Arnosti et al., 1996
  12. Barad et al., 1988
  13. Bardsley et al., 1993
  14. Baumgartner et al., 1995
  15. Bellaiche et al., 1996
  16. Berk and Schmidt, 1990
  17. Berleth et al., 1988
  18. Billett and Brink, 1995
  19. Bodnar, 1997
  20. Bonneton et al., 1997
  21. Boring et al., 1993
  22. Broadus et al., 1998
  23. Bronner and Jackle, 1996
  24. Burstein, 1995
  25. Busturia and Lawrence, 1994
  26. Carulli et al., 1993
  27. Casanova and Struhl, 1989
  28. Chan and Struhl, 1997
  29. Civetta and Singh, 1998
  30. Clegg et al., 1997
  31. Comeron, 1995
  32. Crozatier et al., 1996
  33. Dahanukar and Wharton, 1996
  34. Dalton et al., 1989
  35. Davis and Ish-Horowicz, 1991
  36. Denell, 1994
  37. Diederich et al., 1994
  38. Ding et al., 1993
  39. Ding et al., 1993
  40. Dohrmann et al., 1990
  41. Driever and Nusslein-Volhard, 1988
  42. Driever and Nusslein-Volhard, 1988
  43. Driever and Nusslein-Volhard, 1989
  44. Driever et al., 1989
  45. Driever et al., 1989
  46. Driever et al., 1990
  47. Dubnau and Struhl, 1996
  48. Duffy and Gergen, 1991
  49. Duffy and Perrimon, 1994
  50. Duffy et al., 1998
  51. Edgar et al., 1994
  52. Eldon and Pirrotta, 1991
  53. Ephrussi and Lehmann, 1992
  54. Ephrussi et al., 1991
  55. Erdelyi et al., 1995
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  58. Ferrandon et al., 1994
  59. Ferrandon et al., 1997
  60. Finkelstein and Perrimon, 1990
  61. Foe and Odell, 1989
  62. Frigerio et al., 1986
  63. Frohnhoefer and Nusslein-Volhard, 1986
  64. Frohnhofer and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987
  65. Frommer et al., 1994
  66. Gajewski and Schulz, 1995
  67. Gao et al., 1996
  68. Gao, 1998
  69. Gateff et al., 1996
  70. Gavis and Lehmann, 1992
  71. Gavis and Lehmann, 1994
  72. Gehring, 1993
  73. Gerwin et al., 1994
  74. Ghabrial et al., 1998
  75. Gibson, 1996
  76. Gillespie and Berg, 1995
  77. Glotzer et al., 1997
  78. Godt and Tepass, 1998
  79. Gonzalez-Reyes and St. Johnston, 1994
  80. Gonzalez-Reyes et al., 1995
  81. Gonzalez-Reyes et al., 1997
  82. Goodwin and Kauffman, 1990
  83. Goriely et al., 1996
  84. Gottlieb, 1992
  85. Grau and Gutzeit, 1990
  86. Gray and Levine, 1996
  87. Gray et al., 1994
  88. Greenwood and Struhl, 1997
  89. Grossniklaus et al., 1994
  90. Hacker et al., 1995
  91. Hall, 1992
  92. Hanes and Brent, 1989
  93. Hanes and Brent, 1991
  94. Hanes et al., 1994
  95. Hartmann et al., 1994
  96. Hazelrigg et al., 1998
  97. Hegde and Stephenson, 1993
  98. Heino et al., 1995
  99. Hoch et al., 1991
  100. Hoch et al., 1992
  101. Hooper et al., 1989
  102. Hulskamp et al., 1990
  103. Hunding et al., 1990
  104. Iida and Kobayashi, 1998
  105. Ip and Hemavathy, 1997
  106. Irvine and Wieschaus, 1994
  107. Jack and McGinnis, 1990
  108. Jacob et al., 1991
  109. Jaeckle et al., 1988
  110. Jagla et al., 1993
  111. Janknecht et al., 1991
  112. Jongens et al., 1994
  113. Karlin et al., 1990
  114. Karlin-Mcginness et al., 1996
  115. Kerszberg and Changeux, 1994
  116. Kerszberg and Changeux, 1994
  117. Kilchherr et al., 1986
  118. Klingler and Gergen, 1993
  119. Klingler et al., 1996
  120. Kosman et al., 1998
  121. Kraut and Levine, 1991
  122. Kuhnlein et al., 1997
  123. La Rosee et al., 1997
  124. Lambert, 1985
  125. Lane and Kalderon, 1994
  126. Larkin et al., 1996
  127. Lasko and Ashburner, 1990
  128. Lawrence et al., 1996
  129. Lehmann and Frohnhofer, 1989
  130. Lehmann, 1988
  131. Liaw and Lengyel, 1992
  132. Lieberfarb et al., 1996
  133. Lindsley and Zimm, 1992
  134. Luk et al., 1994
  135. Lukowitz et al., 1994
  136. Ma et al., 1996
  137. Macdonald and Kerr, 1997
  138. Macdonald and Kerr, 1998
  139. MacDonald and Struhl, 1988
  140. MacDonald et al., 1991
  141. MacDonald et al., 1993
  142. Macdonald et al., 1995
  143. Macdonald, 1990
  144. Macias and Morata, 1996
  145. Mahajan-Miklos and Cooley, 1994
  146. Mailhos et al., 1998
  147. Manseau and Schupbach, 1989
  148. Marcey et al., 1991
  149. Maroni, 1994
  150. Meinhardt, 1988
  151. Merrill et al., 1989
  152. Micklem et al., 1997
  153. Mohler, 1993
  154. Mohler, 1995
  155. Morcillo et al., 1997
  156. Moriyama and Gojobori, 1992
  157. Myers et al., 1995
  158. Namba et al., 1997
  159. Nelson and Laughon, 1990
  160. Newmark and Boswell, 1994
  161. Newmark et al., 1997
  162. Niessing et al., 1997
  163. Nusslein-Volhard, 1991
  164. Page and Orr-Weaver, 1997
  165. Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991
  166. Payre et al., 1994
  167. Pelegri and Lehmann, 1994
  168. Pignoni et al., 1992
  169. Pokrywka and Stephenson, 1991
  170. Pokrywka and Stephenson, 1994
  171. Pokrywka and Stephenson, 1995
  172. Randazzo et al., 1993
  173. Ranz et al., 1997
  174. Rebagliati, 1989
  175. Reinitz and Sharp, 1995
  176. Reinitz et al., 1995
  177. Reinitz et al., 1998
  178. Reuter and Leptin, 1994
  179. Reuter et al., 1996
  180. Riddihough and Ish-Horowicz, 1991
  181. Rittenhouse and Berg, 1995
  182. Rivera-Pomar et al., 1995
  183. Rivera-Pomar et al., 1996
  184. Ronchi et al., 1993
  185. Roth et al., 1995
  186. Rothe et al., 1992
  187. Rothe et al., 1994
  188. Rotoli et al., 1998
  189. Ruohola et al., 1991
  190. Rusch and Levine, 1994
  191. Sagerstrom, 1997
  192. Salles et al., 1994
  193. Sauer and Jackle, 1991
  194. Sauer et al., 1995
  195. Sauer et al., 1995
  196. Sauer et al., 1996
  197. Schroder and Sander, 1993
  198. Schroder et al., 1988
  199. Schulz and Tautz, 1994
  200. Schulz and Tautz, 1995
  201. Scott et al., 1983
  202. Seeger and Kaufman, 1990
  203. Seeger et al., 1988
  204. Seeger, 1989
  205. Simpson-Brose et al., 1994
  206. Singer, 1996
  207. Small et al., 1991
  208. Small et al., 1992
  209. Small et al., 1996
  210. St. Johnston et al., 1989
  211. St. Johnston et al., 1991
  212. St. Johnston, 1995
  213. Stanojevic et al., 1991
  214. Stephenson et al., 1988
  215. Struhl et al., 1989
  216. Struhl et al., 1992
  217. Sturtevant et al., 1997
  218. Sugiyama and Okada, 1990
  219. Sugiyama and Okada, 1990
  220. Surdej and Jacobs-Lorena, 1998
  221. Tautz, 1988
  222. Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987
  223. Terol et al., 1995
  224. Theurkauf, 1994
  225. Tinker et al., 1998
  226. Tomancak et al., 1998
  227. Tsai and Gergen, 1994
  228. Tsai et al., 1998
  229. Van Doren et al., 1998
  230. Verrotti et al., 1996
  231. Vijay Raghavan, 1991
  232. Voelker et al., 1991
  233. Vorbruggen et al., 1997
  234. Walldorf and Gehring, 1992
  235. Wang and Lehmann, 1991
  236. Wang and Lehmann, 1991
  237. Webster et al., 1994
  238. Wharton and Struhl, 1991
  239. Wilsch-Brauninger et al., 1997
  240. Wilson et al., 1996
  241. Wilson et al., 1996
  242. Wimmer et al., 1995
  243. Wolff, 1998
  244. Wolfgang and Forte, 1995
  245. Wolpert, 1992
  246. Wreden et al., 1997
  247. Yamaguchi et al., 1991
  248. Yasuda et al., 1991
  249. Yuan et al., 1996
  250. Zaccai and Lipshitz, 1996
  251. Zeng et al., 1998
  252. Zhu and Hanes, 1998
AbstractSee full listing for abstracts.
    Review
    1. Affolter et al., 1990
    2. Akam and Dawes, 1992
    3. Anderson, 1995
    4. Anonymous, 1991
    5. Anonymous, 1997
    6. Anonymous, 1997
    7. Baksa and Steward, 1995
    8. Bassell and Singer, 1997
    9. Bearer, 1991
    10. Biggin and McGinnis, 1997
    11. Bloom, 1996
    12. Campos-Ortega, 1997
    13. Carlson and Laurent, 1994
    14. Carr, 1996
    15. Carroll, 1990
    16. Cohen and Jurgens, 1991
    17. Costa et al., 1993
    18. Courey and Huang, 1995
    19. Curtis et al., 1995
    20. Davidson, 1990
    21. Decker and Parker, 1995
    22. Deng and Bownes, 1998
    23. Ding and Lipshitz, 1993
    24. Driever, 1993
    25. Duboule and Morata, 1994
    26. Duffy and Perrimon, 1996
    27. Dynan and Gilman, 1993
    28. Finkelstein and Boncinelli, 1994
    29. Finkelstein and Perrimon, 1991
    30. Foe et al., 1993
    31. French, 1988
    32. French, 1996
    33. Fuerstenberg et al., 1998
    34. Fyrberg and Goldstein, 1990
    35. Gaul and Jaeckle, 1990
    36. Gavis, 1995
    37. Gehring et al., 1990
    38. Gehring et al., 1994
    39. Gehring et al., 1994
    40. Gehring, 1992
    41. Goldstein and Freeman, 1997
    42. Gonzalez-Reyes, 1995
    43. Gottlieb, 1990
    44. Green and Smith, 1991
    45. Grunert and St Johnston, 1996
    46. Gubb, 1998
    47. Gupta and Vijay Raghavan, 1994
    48. Hake and Richter, 1997
    49. Hartenstein, 1997
    50. Hayashi and Scott, 1990
    51. He et al., 1997
    52. Hoch and Jaeckle, 1993
    53. Hulskamp and Tautz, 1991
    54. Jackle and Sauer, 1993
    55. Jan and Jan, 1998
    56. Jurgens and Hartenstein, 1993
    57. Kaufman et al., 1990
    58. Kimble, 1994
    59. King, 1996
    60. Knoblich, 1997
    61. Knowles and Cooley, 1994
    62. Kornberg and Tabata, 1993
    63. Lakhotia, 1995
    64. Lasko, 1995
    65. Laufer and Marigo, 1994
    66. Lawrence and Struhl, 1996
    67. Lehmann, 1992
    68. Lehmann, 1995
    69. Lipshitz, 1991
    70. Lithgow et al., 1997
    71. Lozovskaya et al., 1995
    72. Lu et al., 1998
    73. Manak and Scott, 1994
    74. Martinez Arias, 1993
    75. Mayfield, 1996
    76. McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992
    77. McGinnis et al., 1990
    78. Meinhardt, 1994
    79. Melton, 1991
    80. Micklem, 1995
    81. Morgan and Mahowald, 1996
    82. Munn and Steward, 1995
    83. Nasmyth and Jansen, 1997
    84. Neumann and Cohen, 1997
    85. Nishida, 1990
    86. Nusslein-Volhard, 1994
    87. Okita et al., 1994
    88. Oro et al., 1989
    89. Pankratz and Jaeckle, 1990
    90. Pankratz and Jaeckle, 1993
    91. Perrimon and Desplan, 1994
    92. Pick, 1998
    93. Ray and Schupbach, 1996
    94. Read and Manley, 1992
    95. Reed, 1995
    96. Rivera-Pomar and Jaeckle, 1996
    97. Rogers and Kaufman, 1997
    98. Rogers et al., 1997
    99. Rongo and Lehmann, 1996
    100. Ruohola-Baker et al., 1994
    101. Sander, 1994
    102. Sauer et al., 1996
    103. Seydoux, 1996
    104. Skaer, 1993
    105. Skaer, 1998
    106. Small and Levine, 1991
    107. Sprenger and Nusslein-Volhard, 1993
    108. St. Johnston and Nusslein-Volhard, 1992
    109. St. Johnston, 1993
    110. St. Johnston, 1994
    111. Stebbings et al., 1995
    112. Surdej et al., 1994
    113. Tautz and Schmid, 1998
    114. Tautz et al., 1994
    115. Treisman et al., 1992
    116. Treisman, 1996
    117. Vassalli and Stutz, 1995
    118. Verheyen and Cooley, 1994
    119. Whittaker and Lipshitz, 1995
    120. Wilkins and Gubb, 1991
    121. Wilkins, 1995
    122. Wolpert et al., 1998
    123. Wolpert, 1989
    124. Wolpert, 1994
    125. Wolpert, 1996
    126. Zamore and Lehmann, 1996




    an abbreviated, unique, name for a gene molecular information for genes and alleles link to the Interactive Fly document compendium for this gene protein database accession numbers full name of gene, allele or other item general characteristics of DNA sequence, a controlled vocabulary Date record entered or updated size of open reading frame Protein domain information phenotypic information on genes nucleic acid sequence databank and other DNA accession number FlyBase identifier number, a unique value for each data record alternate and discontinued symbols and names for this item. The section of data that is reported here. This can include Brief, a summarized report, Full, a detailed report, Alleles, Balancers and other subset reports, References, a detailed list of references for this data, Attributed data, a report of data attributed to particular references. Italics indicate a section is contained in the current report Location of the gene on the genetic (recombination) map. Location of the gene on the cytological (polytene chromosome) map. The following information is used in computing polytene locations: The computed location may be presented as a range of uncertainty, whose ends are either polytene bands (such as 22F1) or lettered subdivisions (such as 22F). Heterochromatic bands (such as h41) are also used. To the extent possible, the computed range is consistent with all data known to FlyBase. function(s) of gene product, a controlled vocabulary
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